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An Answer to Ayn Rand (About a Woman President)

In December 1968 Ayn Rand published her controversial essay "An Answer to Readers (About a Woman President)" in which she expressed her opposition to the election of a woman as President of the USA. Firstly, Rand starts her case against a Madame President by stating that: For a woman qua woman, the essence of femininity is hero-worship - the desire to look up to a man . Then, the Objectivist philosopher defines what she means by "worshipping" and whom a woman is to worship: Her worship is an abstract emotion for the metaphysical concept of masculinity as such - which she experiences fully and concretely only for the man she loves, but which colors her attitude toward all men . She goes on to add: It means that she never loses the awareness of her own sexual identity and theirs. It means that a properly feminine woman does not treat men as if she were their pal, sister, mother - or leader . Why can't she be a leader? Because if she were, she wouldn't have an...
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Freedom Without Limits

  Introduction This is a short essay I’ve written for my Literature class and whose topic was ‘Nowadays, everyone advocates for “freedom without limits” without taking into consideration the well-being of others. Write an essay in which you explain your view on the matter’. Despite the fact it is not a rigorously logical proof, I suppose it may be interesting. Enjoy. Freedom Without Limits The concept of “freedom without limits” frightens many, but the aim of this essay is to prove that the application of absolute freedom would be the most desirable state of all. First, freedom is defined as the state in which the individual has complete control over his own life and property. Thus, only freedom without limits is true freedom, for freedom with limits is a contradiction – one is either free or not free: either one is the sole ruler of one’s own life and property or one is not and, therefore, is at the mercy of somebody else. Therefore, anyone who attacks freedom without limits is, i...

Refutation of the Teleological Argument

  Argument P1. The Universe is ordered. P2. Order requires an intelligent being. C1. From P1 & P2: The Universe requires/d an intelligent being [to organise/program it]. C2. From C1: [Since that being must have existed before the Universe,] That being is God (i.e. God exists). - - - Refutation P1. The Universe is ordered. P2. Order requires an intelligent being [to organise/program it]. P3. There are intelligent beings in the Universe. C1. From P1 & P2: The Universe requires/d an intelligent being [to organise/program it]. C2. From C1: [Since that being must have existed before the Universe,] That being is God (i.e. God exists). C3. From P1 & P3: Intelligence is ordered [because if it weren't, it would make the Universe chaotic, which would contradict P1]. C4. From P2 & C3: Intelligent beings require/d an intelligent being [to organise/program them]. C5. From C2 & C4: God requires/d an intelligent being [to organise/program him]. C6. From C5 & C4: The intell...